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David L. Di MariaIndian Grad Student In Usa Dating Site
Associate Vice Provost for International Education, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Driven largely by the global pandemic, the number of international students enrolled at US colleges and universities fell by 15%—or 161,401 students—from 2019 to 2020. However, early data for 2021 indicate the number might bounce back soon. This is according to new data from the Institute of International Education and the US State Department.
As a university administrator who specializes in international higher education, I see six important takeaways to consider.
1. A record decrease
While a drop was expected due to the disruptions caused by the covid-19 global pandemic, which included international travel restrictions and suspension of US visa services, the number of international students in the US has actually been declining since 2016.
The decrease in 2020, however, is the largest on record based on data dating back to 1948.
Enrollments are down across all fields of study at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, which fell by 14.2% and 12.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, more than half of all international students come from just two countries: China and India. About 1 in 3 international students in the US are from China, and about 1 in 5 are from India. For context, the third-most represented nation is South Korea, which accounts for about 1 out of every 25 international students in the US.
2. A rebound is evident, but it may not last
While the overall number of international students dropped in fall 2020, a preliminary snapshot points to a 68% increase in the number of students beginning their studies in fall 2021 compared with a year earlier. This increase, which cannot be confirmed until a more comprehensive census is released in 2022, suggests a possible rebound is occurring.
Nonetheless, it is important to understand that the rebound reflected in these data undoubtedly includes some of the nearly 40,000 international students who were admitted for fall 2020 but had to defer their studies due to the pandemic.
Given that most admission offers may be deferred for only one year, it is reasonable to assume that fall 2020 deferrals helped fuel fall 2021 gains. So any increase in 2021 could be a temporary spike and not necessarily a sign that international student enrollments will reverse their downward trend.
3. Other nations’ losses may be the US’ gains
Another factor fueling the reported surge in new international enrollments within the US for fall 2021 is that the US experienced less competition from abroad.
In addition to a delayed vaccine rollout across countries in Europe, some nations have been entirely off-limits since the start of the pandemic. For instance, China and Australia, the world’s fourth- and fifth-most popular study destinations, respectively, have both remained closed to international students since the start of the pandemic, causing students who would otherwise have traveled to these countries to switch destinations in pursuit of in-person learning.
In August 2021, Australia reported more than 200,000 fewer international students than a year earlier, before the pandemic began. While Australia will allow international students to return starting on Dec. 1, 2021, it remains uncertain when China might reopen its borders to students.
4. Less funding for STEM graduate programs
Many US universities would find it difficult to maintain graduate programs in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, or STEM, without international students. This is made clear by a 2021 report showing that international students constitute the majority of full-time graduate students in many STEM fields. For example, at the graduate level, international students are 82% of all petroleum engineering students, 74% of all electrical engineering students and 72% of all computer and information sciences students.
While some might think these figures mean US students are being crowded out, research reveals that international student enrollment actually helps increase US enrollment. Consider that international students pay higher tuition than their US classmates, which helps pay for enrolling more American students.
5. Fewer US jobs
Beyond usually paying a higher tuition, international students spend money off campus as well. In fact, they spend on just about everything that US students do, from apartments and transportation to insurance and technology. In much of the country, local and state sales taxes are paid on top of these purchases.
These dollars add up to the point that for every three international students, one US job is created or supported by their spending. The 2020 enrollment drop-off means 109,679, or 26.4%, fewer US jobs were supported by international students in 2020 than in 2019.
6. Fewer highly skilled workers
International students who work internships or get practical training also serve as a valuable pool of talent for US employers struggling to hire workers in highly skilled areas, such as science and engineering.
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According to the US Chambers of Commerce, the shortage of highly skilled workers is a key factor holding back economic recovery from the effects of the pandemic. A healthy talent pool in the US also has implications for global competitiveness, as other nations, such as China and Russia, aim to increase their scientific and technological capabilities.
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National concern
Economics aside, international students make many other valuable contributions to the US. These include increasing cultural diversity on college campuses, enhancing learning in the classroom and promoting positive diplomatic relations with other countries. While the US remains the world’s top choice for international students, it continues to lose ground to other nations vying to attract foreign talent.
Consider that from 2000 to 2020 the US share of the world’s international students fell from 28% to 20%. How could this be? Unlike the next four most popular destinations, the UK, Canada, China, and Australia, the US lacks a national strategy for recruiting and retaining international students.
Earlier in 2021, the Biden-Harris administration signaled that may be changing. Specifically, the US secretaries of education and state released a Joint Statement on Principles in Support of International Education. In that statement, they committed to a number of actions, such as implementing new policies and procedures aimed at ensuring the US remains the top destination for global talent.
More recently, several major US higher education associations called for a national strategy to reverse the international enrollment decline.
While it is still too early to predict if a unified strategy would actually reverse international student enrollment declines at US colleges and universities, the idea of a coordinated national approach could help position the US to compete for the world’s best and brightest minds.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
So you are researching for options to study abroad and you come across these University degree programs: Undergraduate, Graduate and Postgraduate. A little confused? No worries, we will break it down for you. The following will guide you on the very specific differences between Undergraduate, Graduate and Postgraduate programs.
It has been statistically proven that higher education leads to higher incomes, the question in everyone’s mind is how much education does one need to stand out in the workforce, especially in today’s difficult economic climate and waning job market? While the answer to this question depends on several factors, there are certain things you need to consider before deciding on the level of education you’d like to pursue. For that, you should first understand the difference between undergraduate programs, graduate and postgraduate degrees.
Undergraduate Degree Programs
An undergraduate program is a degree that is earned after high school. Upon completion of high school, the program you would pursue at University is at undergraduate level. If you are planning to study in the United States of America, the two most common types of undergraduate programs are Associate’s and Bachelor’s degrees. In most other countries, the undergraduate programs are Bachelor degrees that take 3 years to complete.
Minimum Requirements for Undergraduate Programs
To pursue an undergraduate degree, one must complete their secondary education (high school, A Levels or the International Baccalaureate, for example) and have high enough grades to meet the standards set to be admitted for the course you have chosen in university. Depending on the country and your background, language certification may also be necessary. Other than having good grades you might need to pay application fees and provide financial aid documents, if any.
Level of Specialization in Undergraduate Programs
The main difference between the types degrees is the level of specialization. Depending on your program, an undergraduate degree is designed to create well-rounded individuals who are ready to enter the working world. It provides a foundation in a specific field or an overview of several subjects, preparing you for different types of entry-level jobs. Undergraduate programs are more general in nature.
Employment opportunities
Another difference is the employment opportunity offered by both undergraduate degrees compared to graduate and postgraduate degrees. While there are certain professions like law, medicine, engineering, etc., where a graduate degree is necessary, there are plenty of career choices open to those who only have an undergraduate degree. But your earning potential and advancement opportunities may not be the same as they would be if you were to get a postgraduate degree.
Program Duration
An undergraduate degree, can be earned in three to four years if you are going for a Bachelor’s and two years if you are pursuing an Associate’s. In Europe, under the Treaty of Bologna, most undergraduate degrees take 3 years to complete, while in the USA and some other countries, you will find that a Bachelor program takes 4 years to pursue.
Cost
Undergraduate programs are considered cheaper than graduate and postgraduate programs. Nevertheless, given the 3-4 year program duration, you will need to take into account your living expenses, such as accommodation, travel and other personal expenses. Depending on the University, you may also need to budget for books and learning materials. Most University programs at undergraduate level will have some form of scholarships or grants as well as financial assistance options. Unfortunately, many students get into very high debt for their University education, so it may be wise to shop around. Many Universities in Europe offer free or very low tuition, which may be worth exploring if you do not want to overburden your future.
Teaching
Undergraduate classes are typically much larger and less individualized than those in graduate programs. As such, connecting with academic staff can be missed by some students who come from educational backgrounds where they are used to small classes. This means very little time interacting or asking lecturers questions. Here the connection is a student-teacher relationship.
Learning
In an undergraduate program, lecturers usually give you organized notes, detailed reading lists, project follow-ups, and plenty of detailed instructions, so you will know what is expected of you. Assessments are also based on tests which make students memorize a lot.
Graduate and Postgraduate Degree Programs
On the other hand Graduate programs and postgraduate programs, are advanced degrees available to those who have completed their undergraduate studies. Master’s and Doctoral degrees leading to a PhD are the two main graduate degree programs. There are of course country differences but as a general rule of thumb, a Master degree is your typical Graduate program while Doctoral degrees (PhD programs) are generally considered Postgraduate programs.
Minimum Requirements for Graduate and Postgraduate Programs
To qualify for a graduate or postgraduate degree, the student needs to have a bachelor’s degree. Some Universities may also require GRE (Graduate Record Examinations) test scores along with other additional requirements including transcripts, letters of recommendation which may be optional, and financial aid documents.
Level of Specialization in Graduate and Postgraduate Programs
Graduate programs, on the other hand, focuses on building on that foundation. The coursework is far more intense, and specialized. It demands a tremendous amount of hard work. Students of graduate degree programs are required to carry out independent research work, write a thesis and defend it in front of their professors, lecturers, and peers.
Employment opportunities
Postgraduate programs add value in terms of giving candidates a competitive advantage in the job market, increasing their marketability, and improving their earning potential. Indeed, once you have a postgraduate degree, you have an edge for professional positions.
Duration
The overall time commitment for a graduate degree is greater than that dedicated to an undergraduate degree. A postgraduate program usually takes eighteen months to two years. Add to the four years for a Bachelor’s degree, and you will need to spend a minimum of six years in school if you want to pursue a graduate degree.
Cost
Graduate school can be expensive with higher annual tuition fees than undergraduate courses. This is due to the advanced level of education, competent professors who are experts in your chosen field that are tapped to educate you. Also, the fees may include equipment, books, and learning materials required to assist in your learning. However, you can search for scholarships, bursaries or grants for financial assistance which are readily available to graduate students. Another option is applying for students loans, which are temporary, since you are provided funding only at the time of your schooling, and you must repay your debtor once you have completed your graduate degree. A postgraduate degree of PhD program does not necessarily have to be more expensive but given the longer duration, may require more funds allocated to living expenses, accommodation and general costs of living.
Teaching
In graduate programs, the enrollment is smaller than those at undergraduate level, allowing students to work very closely with professors on a one-to-one basis. Also, the class format in a graduate school is more of discussions and debates. This helps postgraduate students to explore the field they have chosen more interactively, resulting in a closer relationship with the professors compared to the experience of an undergraduate where the professor just lectures as you listen.
Professors in graduate school engage and treat the students like peers and may even invite them to academic conferences or seminars, which offer a great chance to network with other experts in the field you are pursuing. Here the connection is a peer-mentor relationship.
Learning
In postgraduate programs, the learning is independent, where the student has to be fully prepared, by reading all the materials and sources before the class. Assessments are also about applying knowledge and work experience. Your studying has to be at a deeper level, with no one constantly reminding or prompting you to submit projects on time. This means you have a lot of freedom and you will need to properly manage it not to fall behind because it is hard to recover. However, the professors and your dissertation supervisor will still be a close part of your program (as discussed above) to support you in your postgraduate studies.
Overall conclusions
Education is crucial in life, and the decisions you make, whether to pursue a graduate degree after completing an undergraduate degree or not can play a significant role in making you the person you turn out to be in the future. You have the potential of directing your life towards the person you wish to become by making the right choice. Whichever decision you make, ensure you’ve made it with your eyes open. As there are so many universities around the world plus you have a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs at your disposal. What makes the difference is what you choose in the end; hence, the need to go for the best option as well as one that is suitable to your needs and aims in life.